—–Original Message—–
From: FL
Sent: Mon 7/17/2017 10:52 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: Some Questions
Hello Dr. Block, My name is LF, and I’m a graduate student studying math at the University of ZZZ. I came across your positions while listening to Sam Seder’s podcast. I usually align myself with the left when it comes to American politics, but I have to say that I found many of your arguments very interesting. I still have some questions though, and I would really appreciate it if you answer them, or direct me to materials that will answer them.
1) As a more general point, who is deserving of property rights? For this, I’m less concerned with rights to exterior property like land, a car, etc., and more concerned with the right to one’s own body. Are brain dead individuals deserving? What about mentally handicapped people? Babies? Animals? The way I see it, one tenable position might base property rights off free will. I think even this requires some caveats though. First, if I own a pet, is it ethically allowable under deontological libertarianism for me to torture this animal? What about small children, who can exercise some amount of free will? I would conclude that many entities are deserving of property rights to their own bodies, but there may be rankings to such rights.
As a thought exercise, let’s assume there is a super intelligent alien species, and this species possesses some form of higher consciousness as compared to humans (one that we cannot fathom just as cows cannot fathom the concept of free will). Would the aliens be ethically justified in using human beings as human beings use animals?
2) How would you address the problem of climate change? Let’s assume for the sake of argument that the basic principles of anthropogenic global warming are true (something that I think most reasonable people would accept). Would you be open to the idea of using force to limit the emission of greenhouse gasses? Based on your answer to the vaccine question raised by Sam, I would assume that you think in some cases this would be justified. As a concrete justification, if you own beachfront property in Miami, and you can prove to your court that my factory is emitting greenhouse gasses which contribute to sea level rise that harm your beachfront property, I think you would have justification in forcing me to stop. Do you agree with what I’ve concluded?
3) What do you believe about the concept of preemptive compulsion? I think a reasonable position to take is that individuals (at least certain ones) should not be able to own things like nuclear weapons, or chemical weapons. To give an example, if my neighbor hates me, and he has said in the past that he wants to buy a bomb to destroy me, can I bring this to the court system and stop him from buying a weapon? Is the only thing to do wait until he blows me up, and then have my family bring suit against him? This seems like a very unfavorable reality to me.
4) When you talked with Sam, you proposed having a court to decide conflicts. I assume that this court would own a courthouse, and be funded by the residents of certain area, and there would be certain standards set out by the court which, if violated, would result in punishment. This seems awfully close to a system of government to me. Where do you draw the distinction? Is it just the scale of things? As you mentioned to Sam, in some ways we do live in an anarchic system vis-à-vis international relations.
I understand that you are probably a busy guy, and there are a lot of questions here, so please respond at your leisure. Best, LF
Dear LF: Before answering your very important and interesting challenges to libertarian theory, I shall offer readers of this blog some background. Sam Seder is a leftist, “progressive,” socialist, interventionist radio host who likes to argue and debate about political economy. He had me on his show twice, but since then has lost his taste for disputation on these matters, at least with me.
Here are the two interviews Sam Seder did with me:
February 11, 2015. Sam Seder debates Walter E. Block. The Majority Report [mailto:[email protected]] The Majority Report with Sam Seder. Live M-F 12:00 NOON ET. http://majority.fm; Ring of Fire Radio. With Sam Seder, Mike Papantonio and Bobby Kennedy Jr. Weekends. http://www.ringoffireradio.com; Resolved: “laissez faire capitalism is the best system known to man” http://majority.fm/2014/05/01/51-professor-walter-block-defends-libertarianism/; http://majority.fm/; 646-257-3920; topics: vaccinations, a reprise of our min wage discussion, your email sign off “If it moves, privatize it; if it doesn’t move, privatize it. Since everything either moves or doesn’t move, privatize everything.” and if it’s ok, a listener wanted me to ask you to explain the difference between consequentialist and deontological libertarianism; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBNZwHw4eT8; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulMRmIALBX8
April 30, 2014. Sam Seder debates Walter E. Block. The Majority Report [mailto:[email protected]] The Majority Report with Sam Seder. Live M-F 12:00 NOON ET. http://majority.fm; Ring of Fire Radio. With Sam Seder, Mike Papantonio and Bobby Kennedy Jr. Weekends. http://www.ringoffireradio.com; Resolved: “laissez faire capitalism is the best system known to man” http://majority.fm/2014/05/01/51-professor-walter-block-defends-libertarianism/; http://majority.fm/; 646-257-3920; http://archive.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/walter-block-defends-the-ethical-argument-for-eliminating-the-minimum-wage/
Now for my specific responses, interspersed with your questions:
1) As a more general point, who is deserving of property rights? For this, I’m less concerned with rights to exterior property like land, a car, etc., and more concerned with the right to one’s own body. Are brain dead individuals deserving? What about mentally handicapped people? Babies? Animals? The way I see it, one tenable position might base property rights off free will. I think even this requires some caveats though. First, if I own a pet, is it ethically allowable under deontological libertarianism for me to torture this animal? What about small children, who can exercise some amount of free will? I would conclude that many entities are deserving of property rights to their own bodies, but there may be rankings to such rights.
As a thought exercise, let’s assume there is a super intelligent alien species, and this species possesses some form of higher consciousness as compared to humans (one that we cannot fathom just as cows cannot fathom the concept of free will). Would the aliens be ethically justified in using human beings as human beings use animals?
<<< The “super intelligent alien species” would be obligated to respect our rights, since we can petition for them, something animals cannot do to us.
Please forgive me for not answering all of your questions. In many cases, I have already published responses, and see no reason to write you, once again, about them. However, if these publications of mine do not fully satisfy you, please feel free to follow up with more questions, challenges.
On brain dead people, see this:
Block, Walter E. 2011. “Terri Schiavo: A Libertarian Analysis” Journal of Libertarian Studies; Vol. 22, pp. 527–536; http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_26.pdf; http://libertycrier.com/walter-block-terri-schiavo/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LibertyCrier+%28Liberty+Crier%29
On animal rights:
Montgomery, Stephen and Walter E. Block. 2016. “Animal torture and thick libertarianism.” Review of Social and Economic Issues (RSEI), Vol 1, No. 3, Spring, pp. 105-116. http://rsei.rau.ro/images/V1N3/Articol_5.pdf
Block, Walter E. https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/two-challenges-to-libertarianism/
Block, Walter E. and Steven Craig. 2017. “Animal torture.” The Review of Social and Economic Issues (RSEI); http://rsei.rau.ro/index.php/last; http://rsei.rau.ro/index.php/10-published-issues/10-volume-1-number-4
On children:
Block, Walter E. 2014. “Rozeff on Zwolinski; Block on Rozeff.” April 28;
http://archive.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/rozeff-on-zwolinski-block-on-rozeff/ (starve child? Positive rights?).
Smith, Edward, Jordan Reel and Walter E. Block. 2014. “The Natural Rights of Children” International Journal of Health Policy and Management. Vol. 2, No. 2, February, pp. 85-89; http://www.ijhpm.com/?_action=article&vol=602
December 9, 2013. Debate: Walter E. Block and Stefan Molyneux, Freedomain Radio on spanking children. Michael DeMarco; [email protected]; skype: michaelmdemarco; 716-533-2171; Video: http://youtu.be/EgCmoVbdYtE
MP3: http://cdn.media.freedomainradio.com/feed/FDR_2552_Walter_Block_Debate.mp3
Block, Walter E. and Michael Fleischer. 2010. “How Would An Anarchist Society Handle Child Abuse?” October 13; http://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block167.html
Block, Walter E. 2015. “Expiration of private property rights.” The Journal of Philosophical Economics. Vol. VIII, Issue 2, Spring; http://www.jpe.ro/?id=revista&p=410;
http://www.jpe.ro/pdf.php?id=7114
Block, Walter E. 2004. “Libertarianism, Positive Obligations and Property Abandonment: Children’s Rights,” International Journal of Social Economics; Vol. 31, No. 3, pp 275-286; http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContainer.do?containerType=Issue&containerId=18709; http://www.walterblock.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/block-children.pdf
Block, Walter E. 2003. “Libertarianism vs. Objectivism; A Response to Peter Schwartz,” Reason Papers, Vol. 26, Summer, pp. 39-62; http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/26/rp_26_4.pdf Nambla, child sexuality, child abuse
Block, Walter E. 1991 [1976]. Defending the Undefendable, New York: Fleet Press, first printing 1976, second printing 1980, third printing 1985; New York: Fox and Wilkes, fourth printing, 1991; chapter on "The Litterer" translated into Italian as "L'imbrattatore Di Luoghi Pubblici: Un Eroe", in Claustrofobia, March 1978, No. 33, pp. 19-24; chapter on "The Employer of Child Labor" reprinted in Libertarian Familist, Vol. 11, No. 8, October 1992, pp. 1-4
April 27, 2015. Michael FreeMan [mailto:[email protected]]; Josh Davis;
https://plus.google.com/hangouts/_/hoaevent/AP36tYf_4FiPkEMZZUXkwGLSWokcvU1VB6JoPapQz1DLdLfXJFYM0Q?authuser=0&hl=en; how I became a libertarian, minimum wage, the future of higher education, anarchism versus monarchism, children’s rights, pro choice versus pro life, kid’s rights. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIwYRxVlKTQ; http://www.targetliberty.com/2015/05/walter-block-on-how-he-became.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+TargetLiberty+%28Target+Liberty%29
Spanking children:
December 9, 2013. Debate: Walter Block and Stefan Molyneux, Freedomain Radio on spanking children. Michael DeMarco; [email protected]; skype: michaelmdemarco; 716-533-2171; Video: http://youtu.be/EgCmoVbdYtE;
MP3: http://cdn.media.freedomainradio.com/feed/FDR_2552_Walter_Block_Debate.mp3; http://libertariannerds.com/2016/11/19/wizardly-wisdom-reality-anxiety-ep-4-darien-sumner-from-bumblingbees-net/
Block, Walter E. 2016. Starving Child, Part III: Spanking Children; November 5;
Mosquito, Bionic. 2016. “Walter Hits One Out of the Park.” November 5;
http://bionicmosquito.blogspot.com/2016/11/walter-hits-one-out-of-park.html
July 16, 2017. Vancouver, BC, Canada. Walter Block debates Tim Moen, Leader of the Canadian Libertarian Party. https://www.facebook.com/events/1800169280300222/
436 W Pender Street, downtown Vancouver at 2:30pm. Topic: Is spanking children compatible with libertarianism? Contact: Victor Pross: [email protected]; or go here:
https://www.facebook.com/events/1800169280300222/1831218550528628/?acontext=%7B%22ref%22%3A%2229%22%2C%22ref_notif_type%22%3A%22admin_plan_mall_activity%22%2C%22action_history%22%3A%22null%22%7D¬if_t=admin_plan_mall_activity¬if_id=1498028247599964. Open to the public. https://youtu.be/J6Kto38tk1I
2) How would you address the problem of climate change? Let's assume for the sake of argument that the basic principles of anthropogenic global warming are true (something that I think most reasonable people would accept). Would you be open to the idea of using force to limit the emission of greenhouse gasses? Based on your answer to the vaccine question raised by Sam, I would assume that you think in some cases this would be justified. As a concrete justification, if you own beachfront property in Miami, and you can prove to your court that my factory is emitting greenhouse gasses which contribute to sea level rise that harm your beachfront property, I think you would have justification in forcing me to stop. Do you agree with what I've concluded?
<<< Yes, under these conditions, I would indeed be open to the idea of using force to limit the emission of greenhouse gasses.
A reading on this:
Rothbard, Murray N. 1982. "Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution," Cato Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring; reprinted in Economics and the Environment: A Reconciliation, Walter E. Block , ed., Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 1990; http://www.mises.org/rothbard/lawproperty.pdf; http://mises.org/story/2120
In my view, this is the best essay ever written on environmentalism, no exceptions. If you read only one of these articles I am recommending, read this one.
3) What do you believe about the concept of preemptive compulsion? I think a reasonable position to take is that individuals (at least certain ones) should not be able to own things like nuclear weapons, or chemical weapons. To give an example, if my neighbor hates me, and he has said in the past that he wants to buy a bomb to destroy me, can I bring this to the court system and stop him from buying a weapon? Is the only thing to do wait until he blows me up, and then have my family bring suit against him? This seems like a very unfavorable reality to me.
<<< On nukes in the free society, here are my views:
4) When you talked with Sam, you proposed having a court to decide conflicts. I assume that this court would own a courthouse, and be funded by the residents of certain area, and there would be certain standards set out by the court which, if violated, would result in punishment. This seems awfully close to a system of government to me. Where do you draw the distinction? Is it just the scale of things? As you mentioned to Sam, in some ways we do live in an anarchic system vis-à-vis international relations.
<<< No, this is not government. It is all voluntary. Not even close. Here are many, many publications of anarcho-capitalism, or free market anarchism:
Anderson and Hill, 1979; Benson, 1989, 1990; Block, 2007, 2010, 2011; Casey, 2010; DiLorenzo, 2010; Gregory, 2011; Guillory & Tinsley, 2009; Hasnas, 1995; Heinrich, 2010; Higgs, 2009, 2012, 2017; Hoppe, 2008, 2011; Huebert, 2010; King, 2010; Kinsella, 2009; Long, 2004; McConkey, 2013; Molyneux, 2008; Murphy, 2005; Oppenheimer, 1926; Paul, 2008; Rockwell, 2013, 2016; Rothbard, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1998; Spooner, 1870; Stringham, 2007, 2015; Tannehill, 1984; Tinsley, 1998-1999; Wenzel, 2013; Woods, 2014.
Anderson, Terry and Hill, P.J. 1979. "An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West," Journal of Libertarian Studies, 3: 9-29; http://mises.org/journals/jls/3_1/3_1_2.pdf
Benson, Bruce L. 1989. Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law Without Government," The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX, No. 1, Winter, pp. 1-26; http://mises.org/journals/jls/9_1/9_1_1.pdf
Benson, Bruce L. 1990. “Customary Law with Private Means of Resolving Disputes and Dispensing Justice: A Description of a Modern System of Law and Order without State Coercion.” The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX, No. 2,” pp. 25-42; http://mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_2.pdf
Block, Walter. 2007. “Anarchism and Minarchism; No Rapprochement Possible: Reply to Tibor Machan,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1, Spring, pp. 91-99; http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/21_1/21_1_5.pdf
Block, Walter E. 2011. “Governmental inevitability: reply to Holcombe.” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 22; pp. 667-688; http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_34.pdf
Block, Walter E. and Michael Fleischer. 2010. “How Would An Anarchist Society Handle Child Abuse?” October 13; https://www.lewrockwell.com/block/block167.html
Casey, Doug. 2010. “Doug Casey on Anarchy.” March 31; http://www.caseyresearch.com/cwc/doug-casey-anarchy
DiLorenzo, Thomas J. 2010. “The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality.” The Independent Review, v. 15, n. 2, Fall 2010, pp. 227–239; http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_15_02_4_dilorenzo.pdf
Gregory, Anthony. 2011. “Abolish the Police.” May 26; https://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory213.html
Guillory, Gil & Patrick Tinsley. 2009. “The Role of Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution in the Future of Liberty,” Libertarian Papers 1, 12; http://libertarianpapers.org/2009/12-the-role-of-subscription-based-patrol-and-restitution-in-the-future-of-liberty/
Hasnas, John. 1995. “The myth of the rule of law.” Wisconsin Law Review 199;
http://faculty.msb.edu/hasnasj/GTWebSite/MythWeb.htm
Heinrich, David J. 2010. “Justice for All Without the State.” The Libertarian Standard. May 6; http://www.libertarianstandard.com/articles/david-j-heinrich/justice-for-all-without-the-state/
Higgs, Robert. 2009. “Why We Couldn't Abolish Slavery Then and Can't Abolish Government Now.” August 20; https://www.lewrockwell.com/higgs/higgs128.html
Higgs, Robert. 2012. “What is the point of my libertarian anarchism?” January 16;
http://archive.lewrockwell.com/higgs/higgs180.html
Higgs, Robert. 2017. “Is a National Government Necessary for National Defense?” March 23; http://www.targetliberty.com/2017/03/is-national-government-necessary-for.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+TargetLiberty+%28Target+Liberty%29
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. 2008. “Reflections on the Origin and the Stability of the State.” June 23; https://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe18.html
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. 2011. “State or Private Law Society.” April 10;
https://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe26.1.html
Huebert, Jacob. 2010. Libertarianism Today. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger
King, Seth. 2010. “Daily Anarchist Interviews Walter E. Block,” September 9;
https://www.lewrockwell.com/block/block165.html
Kinsella, Stephan. 2009. “The Irrelevance of the Impossibility of Anarcho-Libertarianism.” August 20; http://www.stephankinsella.com/2009/08/20/the-irrelevance-of-the-impossibility-of-anarcho-libertarianism/
Long, Roderick. 2004. “Libertarian Anarchism: Responses to Ten Objections” https://www.lewrockwell.com/long/long11.html
McConkey, Michael. 2013. “Anarchy, Sovereignty, and the State of Exception: Schmitt’s Challenge.” The Independent Review, v. 17, n. 3, Winter, pp. 415–428. http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_17_03_05_mcconkey.pdf
Molyneux, Stefan. 2008. “The Stateless Society: An Examination of Alternatives.”
http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg02056.html
Murphy, Robert P. 2005. “But Wouldn't Warlords Take Over?” July 7; http://mises.org/story/1855; http://mises.org/library/wouldnt-warlords-take-over
Oppenheimer, Franz. 1926. The State. New York: Vanguard Press
Paul, Ron. 2008. “On the Inner Contradictions of Limited Government.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o4kiWpqoeg&feature=PlayList&p=9645F6A68683F679&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=4
Rockwell, Lew. 2013. “What Would We Do Without the State?” March 31;
https://www.lewrockwell.com/blog/lewrw/archives/134782.html
https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/what-would-we-do-without-the-state/
Rockwell, Lew. 2016. “The Trouble With Politics.” November 8;
https://www.lewrockwell.com/2016/11/lew-rockwell/fatal-flaw-politics/
Rothbard, Murray N. 1973. For a New Liberty, Macmillan, New York; http://mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp
In the view of Rothbard (1973, emphasis added by present author): “For centuries, the State (or more strictly, individuals acting in their roles as ‘members of the government’) has cloaked its criminal activity in high-sounding rhetoric. For centuries the State has committed mass murder and called it ‘war’; then ennobled the mass slaughter that ‘war’ involves. For centuries the State has enslaved people into its armed battalions and called it ‘conscription’ in the ‘national service.’ For centuries the State has robbed people at bayonet point and called it ‘taxation.’ In fact, if you wish to know how libertarians regard the State and any of its acts, simply think of the State as a criminal band, and all of the libertarian attitudes will logically fall into place.”
Rothbard, Murray N. 1975. “Society Without a State.” The Libertarian Forum, volume 7.1, January; https://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard133.html
Rothbard, Murray N. 1977. “Do you hate the state?” The Libertarian Forum, Vol. 10, No. 7, July; https://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard75.html
“…there is no sign that David Friedman in any sense hates the existing American State or the State per se, hates it deep in his belly as a predatory gang of robbers, enslavers, and murderers. No, there is simply the cool conviction that anarchism would be the best of all possible worlds, but that our current set-up is pretty far up with it in desirability. For there is no sense in Friedman that the State – any State – is a predatory gang of criminals.”
“The radical cannot think in such terms, because the radical regards the State as our mortal enemy, which must be hacked away at wherever and whenever we can. To the radical libertarian, we must take any and every opportunity to chop away at the State, whether it’s to reduce or abolish a tax, a budget appropriation, or a regulatory power. And the radical libertarian is insatiable in this appetite until the State has been abolished, or – for minarchists – dwindled down to a tiny, laissez-faire role.”
Rothbard, Murray N. 1998 [1982]. The Ethics of Liberty, New York: New York University Press. http://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ethics.asp
Paul, Ron. 2008. “On the Inner Contradictions of Limited Government.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o4kiWpqoeg&feature=PlayList&p=9645F6A68683F679&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=4
Shaffer, Butler.
www.mises.org/books/wizards/pdf
Spooner, Lysander. 1966[1870]. No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority and A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard, Larkspur, Colorado: Rampart College; http://jim.com/treason.htm
Stringham, Edward, ed. 2007. Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Stringham, Edward. 2015. Private Governance: Creating Order in Economic and Social Life. Oxford University Press
Tannehill, Morris and Linda Tannehill. [1970] 1984. The Market for Liberty, New York: Laissez Faire Books; https://www.lewrockwell.com/orig11/tannehill1.html
Tinsley, Patrick. 1998-1999. "With Liberty and Justice for All: A Case for Private Police," Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter, pp. 95-100; http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/14_1/14_1_5.pdf
Wenzel, Robert. 2013. “Robert Ringer's Strawman Anarchist.” February 2;
http://archive.lewrockwell.com/wenzel/wenzel211.html
Woods, Tom. 2014. “Four things the state is not.” July 29;
private police: private army:
Gregory, 2011; Guillory, & Tinsley. 2009; Hoppe, 2011; Huebert, 2010; Murphy, 2005; Rothbard, 1973, 1975, 1998 [1982]; Stringham, 2007; Tannehills[1970] 1984; Tinsley, 1998-1999; Wiśniewski, 2014; Wollstein, 1969; Woolridge, 1970.
Gregory, Anthony. 2011. “Abolish the Police.” May 26; https://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory213.html
Guillory, Gil & Patrick Tinsley. 2009. “The Role of Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution in the Future of Liberty,” Libertarian Papers 1, 12; http://libertarianpapers.org/2009/12-the-role-of-subscription-based-patrol-and-restitution-in-the-future-of-liberty/
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. 2011. “State or Private Law Society.” April 10;
https://www.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe26.1.html
Huebert, Jacob. 2010. Libertarianism Today. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger
Murphy, Robert P. 2005. “But Wouldn't Warlords Take Over?” July 7; http://mises.org/story/1855; http://mises.org/library/wouldnt-warlords-take-over
Rothbard, Murray N. 1973. For a New Liberty, Macmillan, New York; http://mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp
Rothbard, Murray N. 1975. “Society Without a State.” The Libertarian Forum, volume 7.1, January; https://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard133.html
Rothbard, Murray N. 1998 [1982]. The Ethics of Liberty, New York: New York University Press. http://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ethics.asp
Stringham, Edward, ed. 2007. Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Tannehill, Morris and Linda Tannehill. [1970] 1984. The Market for Liberty, New York: Laissez Faire Books; https://www.lewrockwell.com/orig11/tannehill1.html
Tinsley, Patrick. 1998-1999. "With Liberty and Justice for All: A Case for Private Police," Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter, pp. 95-100; http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/14_1/14_1_5.pdf
Wiśniewski, Jakub Bożydar. 2014. “Defense as a private good in a competitive order” Review of Social and Economic Issues, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer, pp. 2-35;
http://rsei.rau.ro/images/V1N1/Jakub%20Bozydar%20Wisniewski.pdf
Wollstein, Jarret B. 1969. Society Without Coercion. In Society Without Government. New York: Arno Press
Woolridge, William C. 1970. Uncle Sam the Monopoly Man, New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House
1:11 pm on July 20, 2017
