The largest reserve gold traders on the planet are the six bullion banks. A bullion bank is a large multi-national bank authorized to serve as a conduit through which Central Banks – and the Fed primary dealers – loan their gold out into the market. All central banks lease gold, to maintain their balance sheet and to provide sovereign collateral when a currency swap or paper trade won’t work. It’s called the gold carry trade.
There are currently six clearing banks on the LBMA handling gold lease transactions: Barclays, Scotia, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, JPM, and UBS all of which are primary Fed Dealer Banks, too. Central Banks need real money as collateral – physical gold holdings – to back paper (debt instruments) and as guarantor of foreign exchange sovereign liquidity, or when dealing with failed or semi-failed states.
The Bullion Banks not only guarantee and lease their own gold reserves, but require adjustments to physical gold holdings based on Geopolitical events particularly during times of war. For example, Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Ukraine have all turned over their physical gold holdings to the IMF – which acts by proxy for the Fed and G7 Central Banks – for favorable lending terms or settlement of debt to the West, or their gold is seized by force of arms.
Nixon officially closed the US international sovereign gold trading window in 1971, alleged to be temporary, now ostensibly never to re-open. Officially Nixon’s gold closure still applies to US gold trading, but the “official” world is not the real world. Thus, the US engages in covert gold trading shrouded in secrecy, generally by proxy to the IMF and via gold carry trade gold swaps. (Also see: IMF voting rights and reform and the Exchange Stabilization Fund)
The international gold window is not about a “gold standard” but about international trade in gold. That trade is to support currency swaps to manipulate currency markets; to enhance interest returns by leveraging other debt products providing a higher return; or to build or deplete foreign exchange reserves held by a sovereign or Central Bank. Thus, the international gold window still exists in the form of the gold carry trade.
But the international gold window is much more than a trade and collateral window, the international gold window is still an essential factor in Geo-politics. Conflicts and alliances require the gold carry trade to operate by covert, by proxy, or by overt means. The gold carry trade market also operates by acquiring the gold reserves of failed states such as Iraq, Libya, Syria, Afghanistan, or Ukraine, at prices subsidized by the US taxpayer.
Or the cost of their lost treasure is borne by the unknowing, unaware local population partaking in a “colour revolution” or the “Arab Spring” for example, on behalf of Washington.
The banking crisis in Lebanon is one recent example, where geopolitics and finance – especially relating to gold – intersect. Lebanon has relatively high physical gold reserves relative to its economy and relative to other Middle Eastern states, and Lebanon has been a player in the carry trade for many years.
However, according to one confidential source and many reports, Lebanon has dialed-back its carry trade activities since 2015. By scaling back its carry trade activity, Lebanon has provoked the ire of western Central Banks, and made it more difficult for Lebanon to protect its currency.
The reason for Lebanon’s de-leveraging in the gold carry trade is unknown, but one can only speculate that along with US sanctions versus Lebanon, the international currency cartel has its eye on Lebanon’s gold reserves. By extension, The Neocon-Neoliberal ‘Blob’ believes that by harming Lebanon, the Blob can likewise curtail Hezbollah’s influence.
Israel too, currently subject to its own self-induced purgatory in leadership, desperately needs a visible geopolitical victory, and no doubt US and Israeli central bankers see Lebanon’s finance as low-hanging fruit, since Hezbollah cannot be militarily defeated. How do we know? …well, David Ignatius tells us so.
The International Gold Carry Trade
Seldom if ever discussed in the media, the Bullion Bank carry trade in gold – or gold trading sanctions to US-perceived miscreant states such as Iran or Russia – are key to maintaining the global hegemonic. And the mechanism by which US gold trades occur can be linked to the IMF; to bullion banks; to gold lease operations arranged by US Client States; or even via the Bank of International Settlements.
Officially, the US Treasury/Fed says that it will not sell US gold reserves under any circumstance. Searching online with the phrase, “Does the US trade gold” the reader will discover a bewildering lack of information on sovereign gold trading, because information on US sovereign gold trading is not made publicly available.
However, by leveraging foreign gold swaps, the US can trade actively in gold; and the US Exchange Stabilization Fund has stated publicly that it can trade in any venue and with any asset it so chooses, regardless of US law.
Germany
Germany demanded return of its gold reserves from New York (called repatriation). In reality repatriation ends the lease conditions by which the Federal Reserve holds German gold. That Germany leased approximately 300 tonnes of gold to the US Exchange Stabilization Fund during the US financial collapse is well known, and the ESF undoubtedly disposed of that German gold by carry trade means, to support the US dollar and stock market. Effectively the US government may sell or lease any “commodity” as it sees fit, in its possession, whether strategic oil reserves or gold – even if that gold “belongs” to a foreign power.
In the case of foreign gold trading – not officially considered a US strategic reserve – an act of Congress is not required. Likewise, leased German gold is not US-owned gold, and even as a foreign asset may be treated as an asset of the United States while in its control (check that out).
To the point, it is exceedingly likely that the Federal Reserve leased (sold) German gold on behalf of the Treasury (via the ESF), based on the original timetable set by the Fed for the gold’s return to Germany. We may arrive at this conclusion because by June of 2104, Germany announced that it did not want its gold back after all…! oh wait, until 2020. Oops, sorry folks, nothing to see here, move on please…
The precise reason for the above failure of US gold repatriation to Germany at the time Germany demanded it is still shrouded in mystery, with political rhetoric and alarming public statements about the condition of the euro seen as political cover.
But the German gold repatriation affair is all the proof needed with regard to US dealing in the transfer, leasing, purchase, accumulation and sale of physical gold reserves… and not just those “belonging” to the US, Richard Nixon be damned. (The ESF can trade in anything.)
There are many other examples of the international gold window in operation, from the pointless provocations that led to the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 (the US eventually got Afghani gold) to Syria, to Libya, to Lebanon, to Egypt, to Iraq, Argentina, Venezuela, and of course Lebanon as described above.
Ukraine
Long a hotbed of corruption, shady dealings, and political intrigue, the Ukraine has leveraged its gold reserves via the carry trade and leasing system for many years now. Falling prey to the IMF predatory system of capital is another Ukraine specialty, since Ukraine’s gold is its only real strategic asset, besides it location adjacent to Eastern Europe.
Needless to say, wherever the Bretton-Woods last bastion IMF is concerned, things have not gone well for Ukraine after surrendering its gold to the west. For the short-term gain of an IMF loan, the Ukraine was then in hock to Washington without a gold reserve to provide financial leverage. Fortunately for the people of the Donbass, this has limited Ukraine’s ability to wage its aggressive war in the eastern region of the country.
Argentina
Likewise, the IMF was the worst possible option for Argentina. Argentina was forced to sell 1/3rd of its physical gold reserves from 2009-2013, to prevent a replay of 2001 by placating US bond holders. Argentina’s gold reserves played a major role in keeping the country somewhat liquid, but now western powers want the rest of that gold – represented by bondholder lawsuits – since Argentina just defaulted again.
Netherlands
In 2014 the Dutch Central bank announced that 122 metric tonnes of gold had been repatriated from the United States. The DCB’s loss of confidence in the US likely relates to the collapse of the US financial system from 2008-2009. It’s likely too that the Netherlands loaned some sovereign gold reserves to the Fed/ESF during that crisis, and has not seen its gold returned.
Venezuela
Half of Venezuela’s reserves are in gold. The structural and fundamental problem is that Venezuela cannot lease gold via the bullion banks because the physical gold was repatriated, and the gold still present in US /London vaults is sanctioned. The physical gold must be in the possession of the bullion bank for it to be leased, which effectively means the gold is sold and then bought back later on, at the end of the lease. That’s why the financial press describes Venezuelan reserves as being “tied up in gold” – and will not tell you that King $ Incorporated mandates that freeze until the west can take Venezuela’s gold.
Summary
Trouble is, most of the third world and Non-Aligned Movement – with the exception of Iran, Lebanon, and Venezuela – have already turned over their gold to the West. So, there is little physical gold for Washington to cajole, appropriate, or steal from destabilized sovereign entities or failed states Washington creates.
In the past, the West made up for any lack of physical gold reserve flow by boosting the petro-dollar cycle, or by gaming the gold market ever downward. But gold spot is just about as low it can go, and boosting the petro-dollar cycle benefited Russia, which the Washington establishment now considers to be its major nemesis.
Also consider that the United States has been on the oil standard since ditching gold in 1971, because oil is traded in dollars like real money once was (gold). Where oil is fungible, portable, a unit of account and divisible, durable, rare… but most importantly has real intrinsic value — unlike paper currency.
Should the United States exit the oil standard in King Dollar mode, some other standard must then provide a foundation for trade; and of course, that foundation is partly the subject of this paper, namely the international gold window.*
As global tensions rise, currency wars rage, and global trade becomes threatened by monetary imbalances, the US Dollar has become the ‘linchpin’ of the international gold window in the event the oil standard and dollar become disassociated
*NB: The gold window is not to be confused with a ‘gold standard’
Notations
1. The ratio of gamed gold, ie paper-derivative Wall Street gold to real gold, is at least one thousand-to-one. Meaning that gold would be about $10K USD per ounce if valued in a free market, which concurs to an extent with the overall daily trading volume. Then if we look at trilateral derivative products overall (US/UK/Japan) as being at least 1.2 quadrillion USD in outstanding derivative debt (ie 1,200 trillion but the total is far higher on a global basis) then the gold price per ounce would exceed $40K if the USD were backed by gold. Western powers have at times gamed the oil price upward and gold price downward to compensate for the lack of gold in terms of registered reserves. Verging on Epic Fail, we see gold at 1/10th of its true free market value, and oil at something like its true value considering the massive devaluation of the USD. But that’s according to the USD-to-oil standard.
2. Now we see a dollar world turned on its head. We know that the USD system is inherently unstable, and structurally unsound. Like an old brick building waiting for an earthquake to happen, the building is standing for now, but any substantial tremor will bring it down. The underlying tremors are building… slowly. Inflation in the US can only be maintained in light of a relatively ‘strong dollar’ relative to other currencies. Record Repos and Reverse repos may be one indication of weakness. Falling registered reserves may be another, however that will spark a large argument about allocated reserves vs non-allocated, for another time!
