By Dr. Mercola

The U.S. has a massive opioid addiction problem. According to the U.S. surgeon general, more Americans now use prescription opioidsthan smoke cigarettes,¹ and addiction to narcotic pain relievers now costs the U.S. more than $193 billion each year. The Manchester, New Hampshire, fire department recently said it now responds to more calls for drug overdoses than fires.² That’s not so surprising when you consider that opioids are now the leading cause of death among Americans under the age of 50.³

The following graph by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows the progressive incline in overdose deaths related to opioid pain relievers between 2002 and 2015.⁴ This does not include deaths from heroin addiction, which we now know is a common side effect of getting hooked on these powerful prescription narcotics. In all, we’re looking at just over 202,600 deaths in this 13-year time frame alone.⁵

Time to buy old US gold coins

Misleading Marketing Created the Opioid Epidemic

How did we get into this mess? Part of the problem, from the very beginning, has been false advertising. This past summer I wrote about how a single paragraph in a 1980 letter to the editor in the New England Journal of Medicine became the basis of a drug marketing campaign that has since led hundreds of millions of people straight into the arms of addiction and/or death.

In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved OxyContin (an extended-release version of oxycodone) for children as young as 11,⁶ thereby opening the gate for narcotic addiction among children and young teens as well. In July 2015, The Fix^7,8 wrote about the Sackler family, owners of Purdue Pharma, who that year made it onto Forbes’ Top 20 billionaires list⁹ — in large part due to the burgeoning sales of OxyContin.

About 80 percent of heroin drug addicts report starting out on painkillers such as OxyContin.¹⁰ Indeed, prescription opioids are now recognized as the primary gateway drug to heroin and other illicit drug use, and prescription painkillers — not illicit drugs — are the most commonly abused drugs in the U.S. As noted by Zachary Siegel, writing for The Fix,¹¹ “It’s easy to get rich when health care providers write 259 million prescriptions for painkillers, enough for every American adult to have a bottle full of pills.”

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The massive increase in opioid sales has been repeatedly blamed on an orchestrated marketing plan aimed at misinforming doctors about the addictive potential of these drugs. Purdue Pharma was one of the most successful in this regard, driving sales of OxyContin up from $48 million in 1996 to $1.5 billion in 2002.¹²

Purdue’s sales representatives — who received handsome incentives and bonuses for OxyContin sales — were extensively coached on how to downplay the drug’s addictive potential, claiming addiction occurring in less than 1 percent of patients being treated for pain.

As noted by Dr. Irfan Dhalla, a drug-safety researcher, “Purdue played a very large role in making physicians feel comfortable about opioids.”¹³ Statistics reveal this marketing claim to be an outright lie. In reality, studies show addiction affects about 26 percent of those using opioids for chronic noncancer pain, and 1 in 550 patients on opioid therapy dies from opioid-related causes within 2.5 years of their first prescription!¹⁴

A Fortune Built on Dangerous Misrepresentations

In 2007, Purdue Pharma pleaded guilty to charges of misbranding “with intent to defraud and mislead the public,” and paid $634 million in fines — an amount said to represent 90 percent of its profits from OxyContin sales during the time of the offense.¹⁵ Fast-forward a decade, and it seems this fine did little to alter the company’s moral compass. Opioids are still massively misrepresented, misused and abused by tens of millions of Americans.

A potential part of the problem is the fact that no specific individuals have ever been charged. None of the members of the Sackler family was ever charged with any kind of misdeed, for example, and owners and corporate leaders of other drug companies have also walked away scot-free.

The Sacklers’ profiteering from the opioid abuse epidemic they helped engineer was again highlighted in Esquire¹⁶ in mid-October, as well as The New Yorker.¹⁷ After recounting the family’s extensive philanthropic endeavors¹⁸ and notorious “pursuit of naming rights,” Esquire journalist Christopher Glazek writes:

“To a remarkable degree, those who share in the billions appear to have abided by an oath of omertà: Never comment publicly on the source of the family’s wealth. That may be because the greatest part of that $14 billion fortune … came from OxyContin, the narcotic painkiller regarded by many public-health experts as among the most dangerous products ever sold on a mass scale …  

Even so, hardly anyone associates the Sackler name with their company’s lone blockbuster drug. ‘The Fords, Hewletts, Packards, Johnsons — all those families put their name on their product because they were proud,’ said Keith Humphreys, a professor of psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine who has written extensively about the opioid crisis. ‘The Sacklers have hidden their connection to their product’ …

The family’s leaders have pulled off three of the great marketing triumphs of the modern era: The first is selling OxyContin; the second is promoting the Sackler name; and the third is ensuring that, as far as the public is aware, the first and second have nothing to do with one another.”

Opioid Epidemic Equates to 9/11 Massacre Every Three Weeks, Year-Round

According to President Trump’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis, led by New Jersey governor Chris Christie, opioids kill an estimated 142 Americans each day, a death toll equivalent to a “September 11th every three weeks,” and Purdue Pharma was one of leading engineers of this still ongoing massacre.

You may want to believe that the Sackler family, while being the sole owners of Purdue Pharma, personally had nothing to do with the corporate decisions that fueled the epidemic but, according to Glazek, that’s not true.

“Few are aware that during the crucial period of OxyContin’s development and promotion, Sackler family members actively led Purdue’s day-to-day affairs, filling the majority of its board slots and supplying top executives,” he writes. In other words, Sackler family members were fully aware of, and involved with, the marketing machinations behind OxyContin.

Sackler Marketing Specialty — Inflated Claims

Glazek provides a summarized history of the Sackler family’s rise to wealth and power. In 1952, Arthur Sackler, son of immigrants living in Flatbush, Brooklyn, bought Purdue Frederick, a company founded in 1892 that sold patent medicines. It’s flagship product back then was Gray’s Glycerine Tonic, a remedy peddled as a general cure-all.

Arthur’s two brothers, Mortimer and Raymond, ran the company. Arthur made a name for himself in drug advertising, which at the time was relegated to “detail men” who sold medicines to doctors by going door-to-door.

Arthur believed, and rightfully so, that print ads in medical journals would be a great way to boost drug sales, and in 1952 published the first color drug ad in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). He later went on to develop an ad campaign for Valium, made by Roche. Glazek writes:

“This posed a challenge, because the effects of the medication were nearly indistinguishable from those of Librium, another Roche tranquilizer that was already on the market. Arthur differentiated Valium by audaciously inflating its range of indications.

Whereas Librium was sold as a treatment for garden-variety anxiety, Valium was positioned as an elixir for a problem Arthur christened ‘psychic tension.’ According to his ads, psychic tension, the forebear of today’s ‘stress,’ was the secret culprit behind a host of somatic conditions, including heartburn, gastrointestinal issues, insomnia, and restless-leg syndrome.” 

As a result of this campaign, Valium became the most widely prescribed drug in the U.S., making a record-breaking $100 million in sales. According to Glazer, it was this “original marketing insight” that drove OxyContin’s success as well — “That simple but profitable idea was to take a substance with addictive properties … and market it as a salve for a vast range of indications.”

Marketing Messaging Was No Mistake

Glazer also notes that one of the Sackler family members that appears to have been heavily involved in the marketing of OxyContin was Raymond’s eldest son, Richard Sackler.¹⁹

“‘At all the meetings, that was a constant source of discussion — ‘What else can we use the Contin system [editor’s note: a slow-release system] for?’said Peter Lacouture, a senior director of clinical research at Purdue from 1991 to 2001. ‘And that’s where Richard would fire some ideas — maybe antibiotics, maybe chemotherapy — he was always out there digging’ …

In the tradition of his uncle Arthur, Richard was also fascinated by sales messaging. ‘He was very interested in the commercial side and also very interested in marketing approaches,’ said Sally Allen Riddle, Purdue’s former executive director for product management. ‘He didn’t always wait for the research results.'”

Despite his close involvement in the business, heading up the firm’s research and development division, as well as its sales and marketing division, Richard’s name does not appear anywhere on the Purdue Pharma website. Between 1999 and 2003 he also served as company president, after which he became co-chairman of the board.

Arthur’s daughter, Elizabeth Sackler, described by Glazer as “a historian of feminist art who sits on the board of the Brooklyn Museum and supports a variety of progressive causes,” has “emphatically distanced” herself from her cousin, Richard, and Purdue Pharma, noting in an email to Glazer that “Neither I, nor my siblings, nor my children have ever had ownership in or any benefit whatsoever from Purdue Pharma or OxyContin.”

The Rise of Narcotic Entitlement for Every American 

As noted by Glazer, while Purdue didn’t invent the movement incited by pain specialists in the mid-’90s, who were calling for more and better pain management strategies, the company certainly took full advantage of it. Purdue and other drug companies in the business of making painkillers created patient advocacy front groups such as the American Pain Society, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and Purdue’s own group, Partners Against Pain.

These groups were instrumental in pressuring regulators into making pain assessment one of the vital signs²⁰ recorded at every doctor’s visit. The inclusion of pain as “the fifth vital sign” has since become one of the hidden drivers behind opioid prescriptions, as nothing lowers a patient’s pain score as much as a narcotic pain reliever, thereby assuring the doctor will maintain a higher patient satisfaction rating.

“As an internal strategy document put it, Purdue’s ambition was to ‘attach an emotional aspect to noncancer pain’ so that doctors would feel pressure to ‘treat it more seriously and aggressively.’ The company rebranded pain relief as a sacred right: a universal narcotic entitlement available not only to the terminally ill but to every American,” Glazer writes.

This “universal narcotic entitlement” is now killing an unprecedented number of Americans.^21,22 According to the latest data from the National Center for Health Statistics, life expectancy for both men and women dropped between 2014 and 2015 for the first time in two decades, and drug overdose deaths appear to be a significant contributor.^23,24,25

In 2015, 33,091 Americans died from an opioid overdose. Nearly one-third of them, 15,281, were by prescription.^26,27,28   Back pain, which is of the most common health complaints across the globe, has also become one of the most common reasons for an opioid prescription. And, if you have back pain and suffer depression or anxiety you’re at particularly high risk for opioid abuse and addiction, research shows.²⁹

Opioids Are by Far the Most Lethal Medications Available

The most common drugs involved in prescription opioid overdose deaths include³⁰ methadone, oxycodone (such as OxyContin®) and hydrocodone (such as Vicodin®). As noted by Dr. Tom Frieden, former director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “We know of no other medication routinely used for a nonfatal condition that kills patients so frequently.”³¹

Despite its many risks, which include birth defects and the risk of addiction, nearly one-third of American women of childbearing age are now prescribed opioid painkillers³² and more than 14 percent of pregnant women were prescribed opioids during their pregnancy.³³Clearly, if you are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant, you should go to great lengths to avoid narcotic drugs. If you wouldn’t consider taking heroin, you really should not take a narcotic pain reliever either.

Knowing that these drugs carry the serious risk of addiction, abuse and overdose, they should be prescribed sparingly and only for the most severe cases of pain, for which no other options are available. Unfortunately, the current medical system heavily discourages doctors from making much-needed changes in their prescription habits. As mentioned, patient pain assessment plays a significant role in a doctor’s quality of care indicator, and nothing will eliminate pain as effectively as a narcotic.

Additionally, and in the midst of this epidemic of opioid overdose deaths, drug companies are still paying physicians to boost opioid sales by writing more prescriptions. According to a study published in the American Journal of Public Health,³⁴ between August 2013 and December 2015, more than 375,000 non-research opioid-related payments were made to more than 68,000 physicians, totaling in excess of $46 million.

This amounts to 1 in 12 U.S. physicians collecting money from drug companies producing prescription opioids. The top 1 percent of physicians received nearly 83 percent of the payments, and the drug fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that can be anywhere from 500 to 1,000 percent more potent than morphine, was associated with the highest payments.

Many of the states struggling with the highest rates of overdose deaths, such as Indiana, Ohio and New Jersey, were also those showing the most opioid-related payments to physicians.

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This suggests there’s a direct link between doctors’ kickbacks and patient addiction rates and deaths. It’s also worth noting that a significant amount of people get their first opioid prescription from their dentist.³⁵ This is particularly true for teenagers and young adults.³⁶ Half of all opioids are also prescribed to people with mental health problems.³⁷

Industry, Distributors and Congress Have Much to Answer For

In a recent episode of 60 Minutes,³⁸ whistleblower Joe Rannazzisi lays the blame for the opioid crisis squarely on the shoulders of the drug industry — especially the drug distributors — and Congress.^39,40

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was well aware of the fact that drug distributors were sending extraordinarily large shipments of opioids — hundreds of millions of pills — to pharmacies across the U.S., and that people were dying from their misuse; yet rather than taking steps to stop the massacre, industry lobbyists and Congress made it virtually impossible for DEA agents to take action.

With this new information about the Sacklers, we now have a good idea of where the financing came from to facilitate the opioid distribution that Rannazzisi was seeking to shut down. Rannazzisi led the DEA’s Office of Diversion Control, which specifically regulates and investigates the drug industry.

According to Rannazzisi, “This is an industry that’s out of control. What they want to do is do what they want to do, and not worry about what the law is. And if they don’t follow the law in drug supply, people die.” As reported by CBS News:⁴¹

“His greatest ire is reserved for the distributors — some of them multibillion dollar, Fortune 500 companies. They are the middlemen that ship the pain pills from manufacturers, like Purdue Pharma and Johnson & Johnson to drug stores all over the country. Rannazzisi accuses the distributors of fueling the opioid epidemic by turning a blind eye to pain pills being diverted to illicit use.”

Opioids Have Never Been Proven Safe or Effective Beyond Six Weeks of Treatment

In April 2016, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a paper in which it noted that:⁴²

“Most placebo-controlled, randomized trials of opioids have lasted six weeks or less, and we are aware of no study that has compared opioid therapy with other treatments in terms of long-term (more than 1 year) outcomes related to pain, function, or quality of life. The few randomized trials to evaluate opioid efficacy for longer than six weeks had consistently poor results.

In fact, several studies have showed that use of opioids for chronic pain may actually worsen pain and functioning, possibly by potentiating pain perception. A 3-year prospective observational study of more than 69,000 postmenopausal women with recurrent pain conditions showed that patients who had received opioid therapy were less likely to have improvement in pain … and had worsened function …

An observational case–control study of patients undergoing orthopedic surgery showed that those receiving long-term opioid therapy had significantly higher levels of preoperative hyperalgesia. After surgery, patients who had received long-term opioid therapy reported higher pain intensity … in the recovery room than patients who had not been taking opioids.”

Another 2016 paper⁴³ found nearly half of all unemployed men between the ages of 25 and 54 are using opioids on a daily basis. Two-thirds of them, about 2 million, are on prescription opioids. A follow-up study⁴⁴ looking at the opioid epidemic’s impact on the American labor force suggests chronic opioid use is in fact a major driver behind the decline in labor force participation, accounting for 20 percent of the increase in male unemployment between 1999 and 2015.

How You Can Avoid Becoming a Statistic

Attorney Mike Moore, who is currently representing the states of Ohio, Louisiana and Mississippi against Purdue Pharma, recently stated he has discovered evidence connecting the Sackler family “directly, and personally, to corporate misdeeds” committed in the ’90s and 2000s, and says he’s “looking really hard” at the possibility of suing certain Sackler family members personally.⁴⁵ He and others also want Purdue’s owners to fund opioid addiction treatment.⁴⁶

However, according to Glazer, the family “will likely emerge untouched: Because of a sweeping non-prosecution agreement negotiated during the 2007 settlement, most new criminal litigation against Purdue can only address activity that occurred after that date. Neither Richard nor any other family members have occupied an executive position at the company since 2003.” The same safe and rosy future is not guaranteed the tens of millions of Americans who fall victim to opioid addiction each year.

It’s extremely important to be fully aware of the addictive potential of opioid drugs, and to seriously weigh your need for them. Once you start to develop a tolerance to them, meaning your regular dosage is no longer providing the same relief it did in the beginning, addiction is close at hand, and can develop faster than you might think.

Drug addiction is an extremely complex and difficult-to-treat condition that has the power to demolish and undo everything you’ve accomplished so far in life — or put the brakes on any advancement you may have hoped for. You stand to lose not only your health but also your family and your job.

There are many other ways to address pain. Below is a long list of suggestions. If you are in pain that is tolerable, please try these options first, before resorting to prescription painkillers of any kind. If you need a pain reliever, consider an over-the-counter (OTC) option. Research⁴⁷ shows prescription-strength naproxen (Naprosyn, sold OTC in lower dosages as Aleve) provides the same pain relief as more dangerous narcotic painkillers.

Eliminate or radically reduce most grains and sugars from your diet

Avoiding grains and sugars will lower your insulin and leptin levels and decrease insulin and leptin resistance, which is one of the most important reasons why inflammatory prostaglandins are produced. That is why stopping sugar and sweets is so important to controlling your pain and other types of chronic illnesses.

Take a high-quality, animal-based omega-3 fat

Omega-3 fats are precursors to mediators of inflammation called prostaglandins. (In fact, that is how anti-inflammatory painkillers work, by manipulating prostaglandins.) Good sources include wild caught Alaskan salmon, sardines and anchovies, which are all high in healthy omega-3s while being low in contaminants such as mercury. As for supplements, my favorite is krill oil, as it has a number of benefits superior to fish oil.

Optimize your sun exposure and production of vitamin D

Optimize your vitamin D by getting regular, appropriate sun exposure, which will work through a variety of different mechanisms to reduce your pain. Sun exposure also has anti-inflammatory and pain relieving effects that are unrelated to vitamin D production, and these benefits cannot be obtained from a vitamin D supplement.

Red, near-, mid- and far-infrared light therapy (photobiology) and/or infrared saunas may also be quite helpful as it promotes and speeds tissue healing, even deep inside the body.

Medical cannabis

Medical marijuana has a long history as a natural analgesic and is now legal in 29 states including Washington, D.C. You can learn more about the laws in your state on medicalmarijuana.procon.org.⁴⁸

Kratom

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is another plant remedy that has become a popular opioid substitute.⁴⁹ In August 2016, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration issued a notice saying it was planning to ban kratom, listing it as a Schedule 1 controlled substance. However, following massive outrage from kratom users who say opioids are their only alternative, the agency reversed its decision.⁵⁰

Kratom is likely safer than an opioid for someone in serious and chronic pain. However, it’s important to recognize that it is a psychoactive substance and should not be used carelessly. There’s very little research showing how to use it safely and effectively, and it may have a very different effect from one person to the next.

Also, while it may be useful for weaning people off opioids, kratom is in itself addictive. So, while it appears to be a far safer alternative to opioids, it’s still a powerful and potentially addictive substance. So please, do your own research before trying it.

Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)

EFT is a drug-free approach for pain management of all kinds. EFT borrows from the principles of acupuncture in that it helps you balance out your subtle energy system. It helps resolve underlying, often subconscious, and negative emotions that may be exacerbating your physical pain. By stimulating (tapping) well-established acupuncture points with your fingertips, you rebalance your energy system, which tends to dissipate pain.

Meditation and Mindfulness Training

Among volunteers who had never meditated before, those who attended four 20-minute classes to learn a meditation technique called focused attention (a form of mindfulness meditation) experienced significant pain relief — a 40 percent reduction in pain intensity and a 57 percent reduction in pain unpleasantness.⁵¹

Chiropractic

Many studies have confirmed that chiropractic management is much safer and less expensive than allopathic medical treatments, especially when used for pain such as low back pain.

Qualified chiropractic, osteopathic and naturopathic physicians are reliable, as they have received extensive training in the management of musculoskeletal disorders during their course of graduate health care training, which lasts between four to six years. These health experts have comprehensive training in musculoskeletal management.

Acupuncture

Research has discovered a “clear and robust” effect of acupuncture in the treatment of back, neck and shoulder pain, and osteoarthritis and headaches.

Physical therapy

Physical therapy has been shown to be as good as surgery for painful conditions such as torn cartilage and arthritis.

Foundation Training

Foundation training is an innovative method developed by Dr. Eric Goodman to treat his own chronic low back pain. It’s an excellent alternative to painkillers and surgery, as it actually addresses the cause of the problem.

Massage

A systematic review and meta-analysis published in the journal Pain Medicine included 60 high-quality and seven low-quality studies that looked into the use of massage for various types of pain, including muscle and bone pain, headaches, deep internal pain, fibromyalgia pain and spinal cord pain.⁵²

The review revealed massage therapy relieves pain better than getting no treatment at all. When compared to other pain treatments like acupuncture and physical therapy, massage therapy still proved beneficial and had few side effects. In addition to relieving pain, massage therapy also improved anxiety and health-related quality of life.

Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is one of the most effective fat-soluble antioxidants known. It has very potent anti-inflammatory properties and in many cases works far more effectively than anti-inflammatory drugs. Higher doses are typically required and you may need 8 milligrams (mg) or more per day to achieve this benefit.

Ginger

This herb has potent anti-inflammatory activity and offers pain relief and stomach-settling properties. Fresh ginger works well steeped in boiling water as a tea or grated into vegetable juice.

Curcumin

In a study of osteoarthritis patients, those who added 200 mg of curcumin a day to their treatment plan had reduced pain and increased mobility. A past study also found that a turmeric extract composed of curcuminoids blocked inflammatory pathways, effectively preventing the overproduction of a protein that triggers swelling and pain.⁵³

Boswellia

Also known as boswellin or “Indian frankincense,” this herb contains specific active anti-inflammatory ingredients.

Bromelain

This enzyme, found in pineapples, is a natural anti-inflammatory. It can be taken in supplement form but eating fresh pineapple, including some of the bromelain-rich stem, may also be helpful.

Cetyl Myristoleate (CMO)

This oil, found in fish and dairy butter, acts as a joint lubricant and anti-inflammatory. I have used this for myself to relieve ganglion cysts and carpal tunnel syndrome. I used a topical preparation for this.

Evening Primrose, Black Currant and Borage Oils

These contain the essential fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is particularly useful for treating arthritic pain.

Cayenne Cream

Also called capsaicin cream, this spice comes from dried hot peppers. It alleviates pain by depleting the body’s supply of substance P, a chemical component of nerve cells that transmits pain signals to your brain.

Methods such as hot and cold packs, aquatic therapy, yoga, various mind-body techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy can also result in astonishing pain relief without drugs.

Grounding

Walking barefoot on the earth may also provide a certain measure of pain relief by combating inflammation.

Mind-Body Therapies

Methods such as hot and cold packs, aquatic therapy, yoga, various mind-body techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy can also result in astonishing pain relief without drugs.

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)

Naltrexone is an opiate antagonist, originally developed in the early 1960s for the treatment of opioid addiction. When taken at very low doses (LDN, available only by prescription), it triggers endorphin production, which can boost your immune function and ease pain.

Sources and References

• ¹ Scientific American, Surgeon General Report Tackles Addiction
• ² CNN October 20, 2017
• ³ CBS News June 6, 2017
• ^4, 5 Drugabuse.gov Overdose Death Rates as of September 2017
• ⁶ AAP News September 28, 2015
• ^7, 11, 12 The Fix July 3, 2015
• ⁸ Health Nut News August 14, 2015
• ⁹ Forbes July 1, 2015
• ¹⁰ Drugabuse.gov, July 2017
• ¹³ Fortune Magazine November 9, 2011
• ¹⁴ New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 374:1501-1504
• ¹⁵ CNN Money July 20, 2007
• ¹⁶ Escuire October 16, 2017
• ¹⁷ New Yorker October 30, 2017
• ¹⁸ NPQ October 26, 2017
• ¹⁹ STAT News May 12, 2016
• ²⁰ The Poison Review December 16, 2012
• ²¹ Newsy.com December 18, 2016
• ²² CDC.gov December 16, 2016
• ²³ New York Times December 8, 2016
• ²⁴ STAT News December 8, 2016
• ²⁵ Washington Post December 8, 2016
• ²⁶ CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report December 30, 2016 / 65(50-51);1445–1452
• ²⁷ CDC Prescription Opioid Overdose Data
• ²⁸ Washington Post April 2, 2017
• ²⁹ Medical News Today July 12, 2015
• ³⁰ CDC Prescription Opioid Overdose Data
• ³¹ CNN October 14, 2016
• ³² Kaiser Health News January 22, 2015
• ³³ American Society for Anesthesiologists February 12, 2014
• ³⁴ American Journal of Public Health August 8, 2017
• ³⁵ STAT News October 17, 2017
• ³⁶ AL.com April 15, 2017
• ³⁷ Kaiser Health News June 26, 2017
• ^38, 41 CBS News October 15, 2017
• ³⁹ The Guardian October 19, 2017
• ⁴⁰ New York Times October 18, 2017
• ⁴² New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 374:1501-1504
• ⁴³ Brookings.edu September 7, 2017, How the Opioid Epidemic Has Affected US Labor Force
• ⁴⁴ Brookings.edu September 7, 2017, Where Have All the Workers Gone?
• ⁴⁵ Wbur.org October 24, 2017
• ⁴⁶ Daily Caller October 9, 2017
• ⁴⁷ WebMD October 20, 2015
• ⁴⁸ medicalmarijuana.procon.org, Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits
• ⁴⁹ Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011;11(9):1165-75
• ⁵⁰ Washington Post October 12, 2016
• ⁵¹ J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 6;31(14):5540-8
• ⁵² Pain Medicine May 10, 2016
• ⁵³ Arthritis & Rheumatism November 2006; 54(11): 3452–3464

The Best of Dr. Joseph Mercola

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